Alcohol vs Marijuana Essays

Liquor versus Marijuana Essays Liquor versus Marijuana Essay Liquor versus Marijuana Essay Liquor and marihuanas are two medications ordinarily utilized and manhandled in the United States. Liquor is the figure one manhandled tranquilize. while marihuana is figure one among illicit medications. While intoxicant stays legitimate. furthermore, maryjane illicit. this does non needfully expect that intoxicant is better for you. There have been numerous explanations where individuals propose that marihuana ought to be lawful in light of the fact that intoxicant is all the more inertly. On the different manus. there are alkies who might express a pothead that smoking weed is awful for you. The two substances are downright awful for your health and ought to non be by and large utilized by anybody yet we do should be a little progressively hapless to the individuals that take drugs since you don’t cognize what they experience throughout everyday life. Despite the fact that. Maryjane has such an awful notoriety Marijuana is one of the most well-known medication today and its other than complete. In any case, what correctly is maryjane? Weed is a green. earthy colored. or then again dim blend of dried. cleaved foliages. stems. seed. furthermore, blossoms of the hemp workss. There are a cluster of names for this medication and they are: pot. herb. weed. grass. thunder. mary jane. mobster. or then again constant. Maryjane has been around for some mature ages and has been believed to be unlawful and destructive. Yet, weed has been utilized for clinical grounds. counting: clinical strength. hemp rope. rough material and satisfaction. For what reason do youthful individuals use pot? There are numerous grounds why they do that and most juvenile individuals smoke marihuanas in light of the fact that their companions or siblings and sisters use marihuana and pressure them to look for it. others may accept its cool to use marihuanas since they hear vocals about it and see it on Television and in films. A few adolescents may encounter they need marihuanas and different medications to help them escape from their positions at place. at school. or then again with companions. Liquor is a medication that is delegated a cardinal sensory system narcotic. There are three signifiers of intoxicant. lager. vino and refined alcohols. Liquor is one of the most ordinarily utilized medications in the United States and has progressively unfavorable impacts that most different medications consolidated. There are numerous aspects to see when accepting roughly intoxicant as a medication. There are numerous legends environing intoxicant. counting who utilizes it. what its impacts are on clients. cultural and sexual condition of affairss and the totals individuals drink. The enormous majority of the American populace utilizes intoxicant and from numerous points of view and this other than causes various impacts. Liquor is other than has an incredible causing in offenses submitted by clients. cultural. clinical. what's more, instructive employments as a result of utilization as great. Weed and intoxicant are comparative from various perspectives since weed and alcohols appears to satisfy most young people in today’s universe. Some of there comparable impacts are that the two of them make you extremely eager and tired and the two of them make you escape from world. At the point when I state the two of them make you escape from world I imply that the vast majority drink in smolder since they are going through something and they just don’t need to accept about it any more and that’s how they escape from world. If they somehow happened to get free of marihuana and intoxicant I imagine that would be extremely impressive. As should be obvious cannabis and intoxicant are the most well-known medications utilized in today’s society however does that do it directly for everybody to make them? Should liquor be unlawful since marihuana is illicit or would it be a good idea for them to both be legitimate? Those are a portion of the requests you need to ask yourself in light of the fact that simply on the grounds that your companions are assimilating and smoking doesn’t mean you need to soak up and smoke other than. jus be over the impact!

Macro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Full scale financial aspects - Essay Example Swelling that accompanies downturn is ordinary however hyperinflation is a bad dream. Hyperinflation happens when swelling is wild causing a cash to lose its worth while costs take off at a disturbing rate ( Sheffrin, 341). Swelling is really a typical piece of a financial cycle which happens at specific occasions in a year, however when expansion isn't going towards harmony, hyperinflation occurs. Among the world’s most pessimistic scenario of expansion, Hungary stands apart because of the sensational crash of its cash †the pengo. This happened to Hungary between the last quarter of 1945 towards July 1946. So as to completely comprehend the extent of this hyperinflation, it must be called attention to that a year prior to the hyperinflation ( 1944 ), the pengo’s most noteworthy group was just 1,000. After a year, the most noteworthy group was effectively an amazing 10,000,000 pengo. It implied that one needs a terrible part of cash to buy a thing because of the low estimation of money. This example didn't end the cycle , it even deteriorated when the pengo arrived at its most elevated category in 1946 †a stunning 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 pengÃ¥'. The pace of the pengo was fluctuating quicker than the climate as radio declarations were made day by day to alter its rate. In any event, when the pengo was supplanted by the forint ( new cash ) in 1946, still the estimation of the coursing Hungarian added up to â€Å" one-thousandth of one US dollar† ( Judt 87). Actually, a few pictures from old Hungarian papers portray individuals clearing the practically pointless banknotes. In contemporary occasions, this can be contrasted with the hyperinflation that happened in Zimbabwe; be that as it may, the Hungarian episode is progressively extreme as â€Å" the expansion arrived at a pinnacle of 1.3 x 11016 percent for each month (costs twofold every 15 hours)† as indicated by the report of Zimbabwe Situation in 2008. There are numerous reasons why hyperinflation happens in an economy. Among the common variables are financial downturn, repercussions

The Negro Digs Up His Past Essay Example

The Negro Digs Up His Past Essay Opportunity is a ground-breaking word, exemplifying the entirety of the desires of the human central core, yet just the individuals who have been denied of opportunity, and at last picked up it through extraordinary battle, would ever completely understand its value.â The advanced battle for opportunity is typified by the hardships of the African-American individuals as a whole.â Indeed, no better record of this battle exists than the great works of African-American writing, which remain as notable records, fables, and an enduring exercise of both the thrill of opportunity and the silly human catastrophe of slavery.â In this exploration, a large number of the crucial works of African-American writing will be talked about with an end goal to investigate the convincing topics of servitude and opportunity. African-American Literary Tradition, Slavery and Freedom At the point when one investigates the African-American abstract custom, there is no more genuine proclamation than the finding that this writing not just existed in view of the life changing encounters of servitude and opportunity misfortunes yet additionally disregarding it. Without a doubt, subjugation for the African-American, notwithstanding removing all substances of opportunity in any structure, additionally made another class of individual in turning into a slave, the African-American in a split second turned into an individual from a class which was viewed as significantly less than human, yet in addition insignificant to the entire of â€Å"civilized society† past the estimation of the results of the work that they delivered as oppressed people (Favor).â This, fundamentally considered as lost class opportunity, motivated a significant number of the artistic figures of an opportunity to advance numerous volumes which scattered the thought of class hardship by demonstrating that before their long periods of bondage, African-Americans previously had a settled culture, total with strict conventions, society melodies, legends that were passed on from age to age and so forth (Gates).â One of the significant deterrents to defeat was the way t hat this social custom was to a great extent an oral one, with the stories, tunes and exercises being passed from individual to individual and age to age through the spoken word.â However, subjection changed the entirety of that-when African-Americans were consigned to a homestead of ranch for the parity of their lives, this disengagement made it an unmistakable chance that oral conventions couldn't be shared past the fringes of the property whereupon they had to work (Gates).â Therefore, a type of recorded history was conceived, whereby African-Americans had the option to submit their memories to paper-likewise, the introduction of the African-American scholarly convention. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Negro Digs Up His Past explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Negro Digs Up His Past explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Negro Digs Up His Past explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Through the abstract medium, a pleased history had the option to be shared, regardless of the limitations that slaves looked on a day by day, and as a rule long lasting basis.â This history was additionally, as of now notwithstanding, being impacted byâ current events.â The focal point of the establishments of African-American writing was the way to go, pitiable as it might be, that for the entirety of the gestures of recognition of opportunity, and the worth that Americans put on it, these equivalent individuals were associated with the responsibility for individuals for their own gain.â it could be said, these individuals were given a significant level of opportunity to the detriment of the opportunity of a whole race of individuals (Prahlad). What stayed to be done was for not just subjugation to be deleted from the American scene, yet in addition for opportunity to be accomplished for African-Americans once and for all.â However, all things considered, this would end up being more difficult than one might expect. Opportunity Granted? In the long run, African-Americans were discharged from the obligations of subjection, yet not until a bleeding common war was battled, almost carrying the United States to decimation and isolating the youthful country on the issue of subjugation (Favor).â Although this was a significant achievement in the progression of African-Americans toward the perfect of fairness, opportunity, or, in other words evident opportunity, despite everything remained elusive.â In â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk†, W.E.B. Dubois made a significant point that draws a significant differentiation between the destruction of subjection and the accomplishment of genuine freedom.â When subjugation was removed as an issue of bureaucratic command, the affirmation that African-Americans were â€Å"free† was written down and garrulously expressed by government authorities and the American larger part, apparently giving the individuals who beforehand were blameworthy of keeping slaves a kind of pa rdon from the wrongdoings of the past.â However, this procedure of reclamation was not completely complete in the most genuine feeling of opportunity, as the plague of prejudice before long replaced bondage as a methods for keeping down African-Americans from the accomplishment of their full equity. Researchers Attempt to Right the Wrongs of the Past With the developments of the offensiveness of prejudice replacing subjugation in America after the Civil War, another impediment to African-American opportunity in its unadulterated structure started to take shape.â Therefore, plainly for African-Americans, something should have been done so as to overcome bigotry and take into consideration opportunity to ring at a similar degree of volume for all Americans, paying little heed to race.â One of the most imposing snags to this chance was composed detest gatherings, for example, the Ku Klux Klan, which increased enormous acknowledgment by racial oppressors around the turn of the twentieth century (Locke). Writing, it can reasonably be stated, acted the hero of the persecuted African-Americans in some ways.â Through writing, it was understood that African-Americans had a glad convention before subjugation, and in fact, would have the option to fabricate a brilliant new future (Bowser).â How this future would unfurl, notwithstanding, would need to be contemplated by other abstract figures. Schomberg Links the Past and Present The past and the present of African-Americans, as research has demonstrated so far, are unchangeably entwined, for without the hardships of prior ages of African-Americans, the fire would not have been touched off to eventually abrogate the act of servitude in the cutting edge era.â This connection of over a wide span of time, transformation of subjugation to opportunity, and the resurrection of the chance of equivalent open door for African-Americans is epitomized in the compositions of one creator over all others-Arthur A. Schomberg.â In his exemplary exposition, â€Å"The Negro Digs Up His Past†, Schomberg spreads out both the historical backdrop of the act of bondage which removed each opportunity from the African-American, and the abrogation of subjugation which didn't in a split second reestablish totally equivalent chance and occupation to previous slaves, but instead, made it workable for these individuals to take the accessibility of opportunity and form it into a fresh start for a whole race of individuals. How Schomberg composed his exposition, or, in other words the contentions that he makes inside the content of the article, legitimately develops a clarification of not just what slavery’s end accomplishes for the fate of African-Americans, yet additionally why the loathsome past of the individuals who needed to live as slaves is critical, similar to the individuals who can't gain from history being bound to rehash it.  First, Schomberg makes the attestation that while different gatherings of individuals have the advantage of having the option to acclimatize into another life in the United States, paying little mind to their past, the African-American has no such extravagance (Schomberg).â The explanation behind this, Schomberg proceeds to clarify, â€Å"For him (the liberated slave), a gathering convention must flexibly pay for oppression, and pride of race the cure for partiality. History must reestablish what bondage removed, for it is the social harm of servitude that the current ages must fix and balance. So among the rising majority rule millions we locate the Negro reasoning all the more by and large, more reflectively than the rest, and adept out of the very weight of the present to turn into the most excited collector of them all† (Schomberg, p. 1). What is implied by this content is that African-Americans who experienced the mistreatment of subjection should consistently recall the excursion of the battle that drove them to a country without subjugation where before it prospered.â By doing this, taking into account that Schomberg’s paper was written in the time that saw the age that accomplished servitude direct remaining at the edge of going to the cutting edge a connection of their encounters, yet in addition a feeling of custom which says that the cutting edge acquires not just this history of those of their race who lived under, and afterward lived without slave status, yet additionally the possibility, and commitment, to push ahead as attendants of the historical backdrop of the past, yet in addition as shapers and overseers of things to come. Schomberg doesn't just make void cases that African-Americans ought to endeavor higher than ever of significance and opportunity essentially on the grounds that in the past they were not free.â Rather, he refers to a background marked by the race which shows that servitude didn't characterize the whole negro race, yet was a treachery pursued on a people who could consider as a real part of themselves numerous remarkable people from numerous strolls of life.â To cite Schomberg, he composed this about the estimation of African-Americans past humble slave work: â€Å"But weightier unquestionably than proof of individual ability and grant would ever be, is the proof of significant joint effort and noteworthy pioneer activity in social assistance and change, in the endeavors toward race liberation, colonization and race improvement. From negle

Criminal Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Criminal Scenarios - Essay Example Mens rea alludes to the expectation of the individual behind carrying out the wrongdoing. An individual must be held to be subject for perpetrating a wrongdoing if there is an expressly expressed or deduced criminal goal to carry out the wrongdoing. Mens rea is a basic component of murder and must be available for risk to be resolved. In the current case, Clark’s expectation was to chase deer and he confused Andrew and Blake with a couple of deer because of his absence of experience as a tracker. This is regardless of the way that Andrew and Blake had played it safe to abstain from being confused with creatures by wearing orange coats. Nonetheless, his activity, or actus reus, prompted the demise of the two siblings. Aside from that, there were no starter undeveloped wrongdoings that can persuade that Clark planned to shoot and slaughter Andrew and Blake. There is no extension for Clark to guarantee a support protection that could demonstrate that while he carried out the wrongdoing of crime it was defended in light of the current situation. Clark can be held subject under the lawful offense murder rule. As indicated by this standard, a passing that is caused inadvertently over the span of submitting a lawful offense is a first-degree murder. On the off chance that the lawful offense murder rule is applied to the circumstance of Clark, it should be resolved whether Clark was submitting a crime when he shot Andrew and Blake.

The Benefits of Physical Activity for Heart Disease Essay Sample free essay sample

Physical movement had been seen since the wake of the Second World War due to the broad cardiovascular maladies affecting individuals in the West ( Erlichman. Kerbey A ; James. 2002 ) . At the clasp. most specialists taught their patients to arraign in standard physical actitvities so as to better their cardiovascular wellbeing. also, their patients noticed such calls ( Erlichman. Kerbey A ; James. 2002 ) . Sadly. the cutting edge age with every one of its turns of events and innovative advancements has caused individuals to cover the estimation of physical action. for example, physical work ( Erlichman. Kerbey A ; James. 2002 ) . In this manner. weight expansion is seen in a heft of the world’s populace. especially in created and rich states. In 1973. Morris made a significant separation between light physical exercises and fiery 1s ( Erlichman. Kerbey A ; James. 2002 ) . He saw that while work powers who occupied with light physical exercises picked up no favorable position in footings of less risk of coronary chest sickness. the individuals who prosecuted invigorousphysical exercises derived a significant wellbeing advantage ( Erlichman. We will compose a custom article test on The Benefits of Physical Activity for Heart Disease Essay Sample or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Kerbey A ; James. 2002 ) . In this way. individuals who are occupied with enthusiastic physical exercises, for example, cycling. swimming. what's more, slope climbing. face a fundamentally lower risk of coronary chest ailment ( Erlichman. Kerbey A ; James. 2002 ; Saakslahti. et Al. . 2004 ) . These people’s risk is a negligible one tierce of the peril conveyed by their stationary inverse numbers ( Erlichman. Kerbey A ; James. 2002 ) . The ground for the decreased danger is the incitement of intense physiological and since a long time ago run adaptative reactions in the natural structure. brought about by physical movement ( Saakslahti. et Al. . 2004 ) . A truly dynamic way of life causes a large group of since quite a while ago run advantages, for example, â€Å"changes in plasma lipoprotein degrees. circulatory maps. blood power per unit territory and natural structure creating ( Saakslahti. et Al. . 2004 ) . † This shields grown-ups from coronary chest ailment ( Saakslahti. et Al. . 2004 ) . In ulterior mature ages. more remote surveies have demonstrated that similar impacts can be normal from kids who are genuinely dynamic ( Saakslahti. et Al. . 2004 ) . Acclimated physical action permits children to keep lower natural structure mass indeces ( BMI ) and a lower serum whole cholesterin focus. which keeps kids from going well padded and subsequently at danger of coronary chest sickness ( Saakslahti. et Al. . 2004 ) . Physical practicing is such a solid choice for adults and children similarly. non only for chest maladies. yet, other than for different objections, for example, diabetes. Notices Erlichman. J. . Kerbey. A. L. A ; James. W. P. T. ( 2002 ) . Physical movement and its effect on health results. [ Electronic adaptation ] .The International Association for the Study of Obesity. obesityreviews 3. 257â€271. Saakslahti. A. . Numminen. P. . Vaino. V. . Helenius. H. . Tammi. A. . Viikari. J. . Valimaki. I. ( 2004 ) . Physical action as a protection step for coronary chest sickness danger factors in youth. [ Electronic form ] .Norse Journal of Medicine A ; Science in Sports 14. 143-149.

The Organization Of Financial And Commodity Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The financial market is a system that allows investors to buy and sell financial securities such as bonds, stocks, currencies, and different forms of derivatives. Also traded in this market are commodities such as diamonds, precious metals and agricultural products. Due to the rapid growth in cross border trade, capital flows and technological advancements over the years, these markets have had to evolve with changing times because most companies have become international institutions, hence they need international agreements. (.Clark et al 1993). These markets act as an intermediary for buyers and sellers. Its a place where potential lenders and borrowers come together. Since its inception, various events have forced the financial markets to evolve dramatically into the market we know it as today. There are different types of financial markets. These are; The Capital market- This market can be divided into two which are the debt market and the equity market. Three mai n capital markets are the US, the UK and the Japanese market.. The Foreign exchange market which involves the trading of foreign currency for example the Eurocurrency market next the Derivative market- financial instruments such as options, futures, and forwards are sold in this kind of market. This is another category of the capital market. lastly, is the commodity market. This does not deal with trading financial instruments but rather it deals with the trade of commodities. This discuss explicitly examine the role of financial and commodity in worldwide investment, production and consumption, the opportunities and risk arising from the international context. An Equity market is a market in which shares are traded and issued. It could either be public or private. In an equity market which is also called the stock exchange market, stocks are listed and traded between individuals and organizations. Companies who are listed on the stock market take advantage of its benefits becaus e the stock market is a vital way in which companies can raise capital by selling shares. By buying a company share, the investor owns a percentage of the company depending in the volume of shares purchased and in return the company pays dividend. Just like the bond market, issuing of shares requires an issuer, syndicate bank and an underwriter in order to ensure a successful listing. According to Clark, there are three major equity markets in the world; they are the US, Japan and the UK. (Clark. E et al, 1993 pg 507). These markets carry out the same function however they differ in their set up. The Debt market is another type of financial market; however this market is not as big as that of the FOREX on the basis of daily trading. However the market capitalization of this market is the biggest with only the US bond market which is largest bond market with a market capitalization of $31.2trillion (SIFMA website). Bonds are widely regarded as risk-free securities however this onl y applies to government bonds. Bonds are debt instruments which are issued by governments or large company and they pay out a fixed cash flow during the life of the bond and at the end the principle is paid back bonds could either be short, medium or long-term. There are three types of international bonds. These are domestic, foreign and Eurobonds. Domestic bonds according to its name are bonds issued by a domestic company into the domestic market in the domestic currency. Foreign bonds share the same characteristics as the domestic bonds; the only difference is that they are issued by foreign companies. Foreign bonds in the US market are known as Yankee Bonds whilst the ones in the Japanese market are called Samurai bonds. Finally, Eurobonds are bonds that are issued in countries other than the country in which the bond is denominated. Bonds can be issued by any government or large company; however the main bond markets are the U.S, U.K and Japanese markets. A foreign exchange m arket (FOREX) according to Ephraim Clark is a market where an exchange of a demand deposit denominated in one currency for another demand deposit denominated in another currency takes place. (Clark. E et al, 1993, pg142). The foreign exchange market evolved dramatically in d 1970s due to the fall of the Bretton woods system and soon became the largest single most liquid financial market in d world with a daily turnover of $3.98 trillion, in April 2010, which represented a 20% from 2007. (BIS, Sept 2007). However participation in the foreign exchange market has increased tremendously and this is due to fund managers and investors. Investors has moved into the foreign exchange market and use it as hedge funds and pension funds with the most traded currencies being the US dollar, the pound sterling, the Japanese yen and the Euro. According to Maurice.D Levi, The foreign exchange market is the most active market in the world, with the U.K accounting for 36.7% of the market followed by U .S and then Japan (Maurice,1996:31) Although the foreign exchange market involves the exchange of currencies, however, buyers and sellers dont physically bring currencies to be exchanged Currencies are traded through the interbank market. This is an informal arrangement of large banks and foreign exchange brokers and this is done via SWIFT that links everyone together. Participating in a foreign market is open to anyone; however there are just a few players who are actively involved in the forex market. These include Commercial banks, Central banks, Multinational Corporation (MNC), Fund managers and hedge fund speculators. However central banks are present to control the money supply and to some extent control the exchange rate. Derivative refers to a broad classification of financial instrument which normally include options and futures. This instrument derive their value from the price and other related variables of the underlying asset (Vashishtha, 2010:16) Derivative can g et its meaning from deriving something from something else like the you derive petrol from crude oil thus the price of petrol depends on the price of crude oil. A Derivative is a contract between a buyer and a seller entered today regarding a transaction to be completed at a future point in time (Deutsche borse Group: White paper:6) Section 2(ac) of Securities Contract Regulation (SCRA) 1956 defines a derivative as (a)a security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan, whether secured and unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of securities. (b)a contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices or underlying securities. Derivatives is done on commodity, precious metal like gold and silver, foreign exchange rate like currencies, bonds of different types, different range of maturities also on shares. Participant in the derivative market are Hedgers who use derive market to reduce and eliminate risk associated with price of an asset, arbitrageurs who take advantage of discrepancy between prices of more or less the same asset or competing asset in different market and speculators. Instrument Traded on Derivative Market are Option, Futures and Swaps. An Option is a contract that gives its owner the right for a given period of time to buy or sell a given amount of an underlying asset at a fixed price, called the exercise or the strike price.(Clark,2002:181).An option is a contract that conveys the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a financial instrument.(Walmsley,(1996):194.We have options on foreign exchange and interest rate ,Options on currencies and debt instrument. Options are the standardized financial contracts that allow the buyer (holder) of the option, not an obligation to buy (call options) or sell (put options) a specified asset at a set price on or before a specified date through exchanges. Options are of two types: Call options and Put options. A call option g ives the owner the right, not the obligation, to buy the underlying financial asset or commodity. A put option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell the underlying financial asset or commodity. Future is a contract to deliver, or take delivery of, a financial instrument at a future date (Walmsey,1996:163).Futures contract are traded on exchanges that work as a buyer or seller for the counterparty..Future is a standardized derivative contract for the delivery or receipt of a specific amount of an underlying, at a set price, on a certain date in the future. Futures are traded on derivative markets (Deutsche borse Group: White paper:6 )Futures can be traded in currency, share/stock, bonds, commodities stock indexes,. Individuals, companies, and even market making commercial banks can trade on the floor of the futures exchange. A Swap may be defined as barter or exchange a swap is an agreement between two or more parties to exchange stream of cash flows over a period of time in the future. (Vashishtha, 2010:20)Swap can also be to alternate or give something in exchange.]The different party that agrees to swap are known as counter parties. The two most commonly used swaps are interest rate swaps and currency swap. Swaps are most desired to those who are investing or borrowing in foreign currency. More importantly Swaps are most popular with banks because of the risk involved in future contracts. COMMODITY MARKETS: Commodities are physical goods like raw materials and they are measurable in size, Commodity markets is a place where this raw materials and good can be exchanged. These raw commodities are bought and sold at exchanges or over the counter markets. Commodity markets can be divided into: Markets for energy, Metals and Minerals, Agricultural commodities, and other miscellaneous commodities(Clark,2002:514)Data as regard commodities can be gotten from data vendors like Bloomberg ,Reuters, to mention a few and also from commodit y exchanges websites for example www.cbot.com,www.lme.co.uk.. Some of the most important exchanges are Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, NYMEX/COMEX, London International Financial Futures Exchange, London Metal Exchange and the international Petroleum Exchange. The major market participants for commodity market are producers, the industrial end consumers and the trading companies that bring buyers and sellers together. Also, they exists financial companies such as banks, brokers and insurers and distribution/transportation service providers that balance the effort of the players. ORGANISATIONS REGULATING INTERNATIONAL THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM The international economic and financial environment we have today can be described as been comprised of a number of sovereign nation states with distinct internal organisation structures competing against one another according to a set of guidelines determined by multilateral negotiation and monitored by the moral a uthority of the international organization created for that purpose (Clark, 2002). The international monetary system is the structure inside which countries borrow, lend, buy, sell and make payment across political frontiers (Clark,2002:93)the whole financial system plays a very important and a crucial role in the well functioning of the economic stability of the world. Several bodies have been created to facilitate international trade which includes International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organisation (WHO), European Community now European Union (EU), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The International Monetary Fund is the Multilateral Organisation charged with encouraging global financial stability .As such conducts surveillance, lends to countries with balance of payment difficulties, to provide temporary financial support policies aimed at correcting the underlying problems and provides technical assistance and training.(IMF PROFILE) . The I MF was given the authority to collect and distribute reserves in order to promote international monetary cooperation, smooth the process of growth of trade, promote exchange rate stability, establish a system of multilateral payment and create a reserve base.(Clark,2002) The World Bank formally known as (International bank for Reconstruction and Development) is an institution whose objective is the promotion, worldwide, of sustainable economic investment and poverty reduction it pursues this objective through lending, through the production of research and economic analysis and through provision of policies advice and giving technical assistance. The World trade organization (WTO) its an organization for liberalizing trade. Its a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements among themselves member government go to the WTO to sort out any trade problems they have with one another. It helps trade flow as freely as possible to remove any obstacle as to do with trade among member government Another key player is the European Union (EU) formally known as European Community (EC) this has become a major economic and financial force. The European Union is primarily concerned with managing the European marketplace by eliminating barriers trade and facilitating movement across borders The EU ranks among the United States and Japan as a giant of world trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was first signed in 1947. This is an agreement that was designed to provide an international forum that encouraged free trade between member states by regulating and reducing tariffs on traded goods and by providing a common mechanism for resolving trade disputes, among member countries. All the above institutions regulate the international financial system, and also facilitates relationships across borders. ROLES OF FINANCIAL AND COMMODITY MARKETS IN WORLDWIDE INVESTMENT, PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. The international financial system compr ises financial markets, products and institutions financial markets play a critical role in worldwide investment, production and consumption starting from Mobilization of funds, Allocation of funds, Hedging and reducing risk, Facilitate cross border transactions, Improve foreign direct investment, Fostering of entrepreneurial activity, Diversification of risk, Facilitate exchange of goods and services. First, Financial market play important role in mobilization of funds it mobilize the fund globally which is to generate funds from different suitable sources that assures cost effectiveness and time efficiency. To mobilize is to arrange or gather funds together this can be done in the financial market by using financial instruments such as equity, debt, foreign exchange and derivative, it is the role of the financial market to ensure that these funds are effectively mobilized. Second, it has a role on effective allocation of funds; it looks for funds and transfer funds from thos e who have excess to those who need funds. And also to ensure funds are used in the way promised by the borrower. Financial market should be able to allocate funds in most profitable sectors that will offer the highest possible returns. Therefore it helps in worldwide investment. Third, Financial system should be able to move risky long term, illiquid claims on borrowers into safer, short term that savers prefer. When savings are allocated more efficiently the national income in the country is increased and therefore makes the economy productive. Forth, Efficient and reliable financial markets will more willingly attract domestic and foreign investments which, in turn, will contribute to the Governments broader policy objectives of increased employment and sustainable economic growth. Fifth, Financial markets facilitate cross border transactions, for example one can invest and own securities in another economy. This helps in international diversification and thus reducing c ountry specific risk. Foreign investment accelerates the productivity of host countries and promotes economic development. Higher levels of investment lead to positive spillovers growing the returns to and incentives for higher levels of investment Also, Financial markets fosters entrepreneurial activity by because without financial market households will be self financing and maybe just allocate the funds anyhow but financial market look at (1) how much you earn (2) how much to consume (3) how much to save and allocate to fund thus, the individual aspiring to be entrepreneur can borrow from the market and because of the ability to borrow and lend it help the individual to be productive and this hereby helps in production and smooth consumption levels. Financial and commodity market allows capital flows between countries, and this enhances the overall investment of a country. Financial market encourages people to save; lack of financial market makes it difficult for people to save, and this therefore will result in low savings rate which reduces the overall levels of investment and this will slow the economy down. Low savings makes it difficult for entrepreneurs in the economy to borrow and thus will not be productive. The increase of technological marketing experience and other ideas across national borders has also contributed to a more productive economy. Commodity markets has been an alternative to investing in stocks and bond this is because it has created a channel for diversification therefore have played a key role as an alternative asset class for investors. Commodities also move up when stocks go down. Their roles in economic development include the following. One of the roles of commodity market is to set prices of goods and services this can also be a fair price determination role, all the available information in the market must be used to determine a suitable price in the market between the buyer and sellers of the commodity .Th ey must ensure that they is no price mismatch in order to make the market efficient. The commodity market offers unique performance opportunities for investors in physical commodities giving investors the opportunity to hedge, especially during the time of inflation an investor can buy today to sell later; this thereby helps worldwide investment because cash benefit is produced in the period of unexpected inflation. It offers a means for trading linking producers and users, and between different products in the market, and thus enhances worldwide investment, production and consumption. This is because the international framework for commodity market has expanded .If an economy for example Chicago Board of Trade can sell soybeans to Kansas City Market which in turn can sell wheat, and this will have a good effect on their balance of payment. Additionally, it reduces price volatility and risk Volatility is The relative rate at which the price of a security moves up and down w hen demand weakens price go down and when they is shortage of some products in the market prices go up and therefore the producers will produce more in this period, This is like swing and this constant re-balancing helps avoid boom and bust cycles. These therefore enhance production. In addition, it reduces risk as farmers, producers, to, and allows market participants to better plan their production yield, consumption and capital spending budgets. In conclusion it reduce the search, information and transaction cost this mean that even though you are your country you can trade another country commodity without having to go that country the financial commodity market bridges the gap between this countries. THE OPPORTUNITIES ARISING FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE They are enormous opportunities that arise from international trade this includes opportunities for profit, growth, and career advancement and especially now that they is rapid expansion of worldwide financial market. The opportunities include. They are opportunities for rapid growth and development because as the economy trades it has a significant effect on the GDP which is a major indicator of growth. Opportunities for arbitrage also exist because investors can take opportunities to buy low in a different market and sell high in a different market hereby making a risk free profit It gives opportunities for emerging markets like India,Argentina,Mexican,Russian and Brazil to also trade with developed market, this is also helping to develop this emerging markets gradually to make them developed. It gives investor the opportunity to choose among a wide range of choices of investments, different markets and different products this is an opportunity for diversification. It gives opportunity for comparative advantage, an economy can increase it balance of trade by specializing in the good that it has comparative advantage and trading the good for the other. This hereby allows both countrie s to become richer. It gives opportunities for idle or low wage labour markets to migrate to countries with reasonably low employment rates this has enabled workers to receive better incomes and learn new skills thus enhancing their production and consumption.(Isard,2005:5) In conclusion it gives the opportunity to have access to the whole world economy because different economies and individual can trade among themselves giving them access to advanced technologies. RISK ARISING FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE International trade also has its own risk because they are two sides to a coin. The risks identified are discussed below. The most arguably considered is the exchange rate risk this is the most obvious risk of the international market. Most times investors eventually pay far more than they bargained for due to the exchange rate. In the world today, international transactions and settlements are carried out at separate times, therefore companies know how much they are e xpected to pay in the future by estimating future spot rate however the expected future rate does not turn out to be the actual exchange rate. (D.O Cushman, Effects of exchange rate risk on international trade) Also most multinationals are at the risk of losing a share of their profits went requiting monies cross borders due to the instability of exchange rates. Also, is Labour-risk the structural issue facing developed nations such as US and UK is that the amount of high quality, high productivity labour that will be mobilized over the next decade in the emerging markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China) is likely to be in the hundreds of millions and this would displace jobs that would otherwise be created in the developed markets therefore leading to unemployment (Bryan, L, Globalization critical imbalances). Bryan fears that an international market would eventually lead to high unemployment in developed nations because companies would be able to outsource high quality labour at a cheaper rate. Due to discrepancy in the price of labour, companies might even move their whole operation cross borders thereby increasing the unemployment rate in the developed countries. Bryans fear is however fast becoming a reality, because in the world today most manufacturing companies are moving the operations to places like China and services are also being imported from places like India. Transportation risk is also an important risk as regards commodities this includes freight risk as commodities are exported cross boarder which will definitely needs to be insured hereby giving opportunity for additional cost. Culture and institutional differences is also to be considered because the trade involves different countries and different investors which they might be unfamiliar with the local trading rules of the parties involved.

Making the Connection Symbolist Poetry and the Theatre of the Absurd - Literature Essay Samples

GUILDENSTERN: All your life you live so close to truth, it becomes a permanent blur in the corner of your eye, and when something nudges it into outline it is like being ambushed by a grotesque. ~ Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, Tom Stoppard,(Pg. 39) Paul Valerys Asides is a poem about the loss of faith, desire, knowledge, communication, and the ability to comprehend the world and ones place in it. The narrator displays a haunting acceptance of his uncertain fate as he freefalls into unknown places. Thematically, Asides bares a striking resemblance to the Theatre of the Absurd, a theatrical movement that emerged primarily in the fifties and sixties. The futility of contemporary life, death, the breakdown of language, and the protagonists failure to understand their place in the universe are principal themes in Absurdist drama. Perhaps Paul Valerys poetry was a prelude to the Absurdist movement. The idea of man perceiving life as an incomprehensible game and being struck by t he realization of his inability to forge a meaningful existence is the dominant theme in both Asides and Absurdist drama. Throughout Asides, the narrator conveys a sense of dreary hopelessness. He has abandoned faith in himself, the universe, and God. The narrator is suspended in a state of uncertainty, which is highlighted by incessant questioning. The third stanza emphasizes the narrators desolation: What must you do? Learn. Learn and master and foresee, All, of course, to no good Who are you? Nothing, nothing at all. (pg. 1487) The narrator is expressing his frustration with the futility of life by saying knowledge and mastery will do him no good in the end. Even if he aquires the tools, he still wont be able to utilize them. The narrator is trapped by his own limitations. The following exchange between the two protagonists in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot, the most celebrated Absurdist play, demonstrates a similar abandonment of hope. VLADIMIR: I get used to the muck as I g o along. ESTRAGON: (after prolonged reflection). Is that the opposite? VLADIMIR: Question of temperament. ESTRAGON: Of character. VLADIMIR: Nothing you can do about it. ESTRAGON: No use struggling. VLADIMIR: One is what one is. ESTRAGON: No use wriggling. VLADIMIR: The essential doesnt change. ESTRAGON: Nothing to be done. (pg. 17) In an excerpt from Tom Stoppards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, a later Absurdist play partially inspired by Waiting for Godot, one of the central characters laments their bleak existence and the uncertainty of the universe. GUILDENSTERN (broken): Weve travelled too far, and our momentum has taken over; we move idly towards eternity, without the possibility of reprieve or the hope of explanation. (pg.121) It should be noted that another prevalent theme in Absurdist drama is the distrust of language as an effective means of communication. The seemingly pointless exchanges and word games commonly found in Absurdist plays are not arbitrary at all. Th e meaning is buried in the language and its up to the reader to unearth the writers intended message. Valery takes a similar approach in Asides. The poem is, in some capacity, a linguistic jigsaw puzzle. Valery dispenses questions and answers, all hazy and ambiguous. The answers are in the text but the reader must hunt for them. Another theme shared by Absurdist drama and Asides is the relentless presence of mortality and the idea of death as an escape. Towards the end of Waiting for Godot, Estragon and Vladimir become overwhelmed by desperation and contemplate suicide in a startlingly casual manner. VLADIMIR: Well hang ourselves to-morrow. (Pause.) Unless Godot comes. ESTRAGON: And if he comes? VLADIMIR: Then well be saved. (pg. 109) In Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Guildenstern address the idea of death being a welcome relief. GUILDENSTERN: As Socrates so philosophically put it, since we dont know what death is, it is illogical to fear it. It might bevery nice. Certainly it is a release from the burden of life. (pg. 110) The final stanza of Asides illustrates the narrators perception of death. Where are you going? To death. What will you do there? Die. Nor ever return to this rotten game, For ever and ever and ever the same. (pg. 1487) For the narrator, life is a game with unintelligible rules, a game he wont ever win. In step with the protagonists of Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, the narrator of Asides doesnt appear frightened by the idea of death but rather considers it to be a reprieve from his unbearable existence on earth. The themes present in Paul Valerys Asides are themes found at the heart of Absurdist drama. Valery already holds a place in literary history as a notable Symbolist poet, making him somewhat of a revolutionary. Perhaps Valerys ideas and concepts were not only innovative in his time but also inspired another groundbreaking literary movement: The Theatre of the Absurd. PLAYER: Uncertainty is the no rmal state. Youre nobody special. ~ Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Tom Stoppard. (Pg. 66)